Nuclear Power in India's Union Budget 2025-26: A Leap Towards Energy Security and Sustainability

The Union Budget 2025-26 has placed nuclear energy at the forefront of India’s energy transition strategy, marking a significant step towards achieving energy security and sustainability. With an ambitious target of 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047, the government is positioning nuclear energy as a key pillar of India’s energy mix. This aligns with the broader goals of Viksit Bharat, ensuring reliable energy access while reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

A major highlight of the budget is the launch of the Nuclear Energy Mission for Viksit Bharat, which aims to enhance India’s domestic nuclear capabilities and promote private sector participation. The government has allocated ₹20,000 crore for research and development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), with a goal to operationalize at least five indigenous SMRs by 2033. These advanced reactors, with capacities ranging from 30 MWe to 300+ MWe, offer a flexible, scalable, and cost-effective alternative to traditional large reactors. Their modular design makes them ideal for repurposing retiring coal plants, powering remote areas, and complementing renewable energy sources.

In addition to SMRs, the government is developing Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs), upgraded 220 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) with reduced land requirements. These reactors are designed to serve as captive power plants for industries like steel and aluminum, aiding in decarbonization efforts. Private entities will provide land, cooling water, and capital, while the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) will handle design, quality assurance, and operations.

India’s nuclear capacity is set to grow from the current 8,180 MW to 22,480 MW by 2031-32, with the construction of 10 new reactors and pre-project activities for another 10 reactors underway. A landmark achievement was the criticality of Rajasthan Atomic Power Project's Unit-7 (RAPP-7) in September 2024, showcasing India’s growing expertise in indigenous nuclear technology.

Recent developments, such as the discovery of new uranium deposits in Jaduguda Mines and the operationalization of the Kakrapar Atomic Power Station’s 700 MWe PHWR units, further underscore India’s progress in the nuclear sector. The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) also achieved critical milestones in 2024, paving the way for advanced nuclear technologies.

Beyond technological advancements, public education will play a crucial role in ensuring the successful adoption of nuclear energy. It is imperative to educate the public regarding the benefits of nuclear energy and nuclear techniques so that, by the time locations for new nuclear installations are announced, the public can embrace them with an open heart. The leading and culturally strong nuclear physics universities and professors should be entrusted with the responsibility of training young people, as a significant amount of trained manpower will be required in a short time. By fostering public understanding and trust, India can build a robust support system for its nuclear energy ambitions.

The Union Budget 2025-26’s focus on nuclear energy reflects India’s commitment to clean, reliable, and sustainable power. By leveraging indigenous innovation, private sector collaboration, and stringent safety protocols, India is poised to become a global leader in nuclear energy, driving its long-term economic and environmental goals.